must embrace individual responsibility H u m a n i t i e s

I’m working on a psychology project and need an explanation and answer to help me learn.

Part 2. Chapter 8- Translations and Proofs
1.1. Directions:

• (i) First, Translate the following arguments into symbolic form.To
do so, you must first identify the atomic statements, choose a translation schema, and proceed with the translation.
•

(ii) Second, test your translation with a truth table to make sure
that your translation is valid.

• (iii) Third, use the eight implication rules to construct a natural
deduction proof.

(1) If students have to cultivate an aspect of rigorous critical thought,
then humanities and the arts empower students. Either students
can be encouraged think for themselves or it is not the case that
humanities and the arts empower students But students cannot be
encouraged think for themselves. If students do not have to cultivate an aspect of rigorous critical thought and students cannot
be encouraged to think for themselves, then there will be less empathetic understanding of human experiences and societies cannot
improve. So, there will be less empathetic understanding of human
experiences.

(2) True beliefs are such that they would withstand doubt and they
would not be overturned by recalcitrant experience. If beliefs would
survive the rigors of inquiry, then they would be indefeasible. If
beliefs are refined, then they would cohere with other beliefs. If true
beliefs are such that they would withstand doubt and would not be
overturned by recalcitrant experience, then beliefs would survive the
rigors of inquiry or beliefs would be refined. It follows that beliefs
would be indefeasible or beliefs would cohere with other beliefs.

(3) If education is about challenging the mind to become thoughtfully
critical in a complex world, then education shall be directed to the
full development of the human personality and the strengthening of
respect for human rights. Education is not just for citizenship. If education is not just for citizenship, then it prepares people for employment and for meaningful lives. If it prepares people for employment
and for meaningful lives, then it must focus on active learning and
exploration through different subjects. So, either education must
focus on active learning and exploration through different subjects
or education shall be directed to the full development of the human
personality and the strengthening of respect for human rights.

(4) Critical thinking is a sort of good thinking. If critical thinking is
a sort of good thinking, then if the notion of critical thinking is
fundamentally a normative one, then either critical thinking is not
a descriptive notion or the fostering of critical thinking in students
is essential. However, it is not the case that either critical thinking
is not a descriptive notion or the fostering of critical thinking in
students is essential. Therefore, either the notion of critical thinking
is not fundamentally a normative one or the fostering of critical
thinking in students is essential.

(5) Either we are not epistemically dependent on others or we are not
autonomous beings. If most of our beliefs appear to depend on the
testimony of others, then it is required from us to trust others. If
we are not epistemically dependent on others, then we must embrace
individual responsibility for our beliefs, and if we are not autonomous
beings, then it seems irrational to think for oneself. If we must
embrace individual responsibility for our beliefs or it seems irrational
to think for oneself, then we must not trust others. Therefore, it
is not the case that most of our beliefs appear to depend on the
testimony of others.